Yoga
Yoga (Sanskrit devanāgarī: योग; “ubumwe, ingogo, uburyo1”, “kuruhuka2”) ni rimwe mu mashuri atandatu ya orotodogisi3 ya filozofiya y'Abahinde āstika ifite intego yo kwibohora (moksha). Ni indero cyangwa imyitozo ihuriweho n'ibihe byinshi, bigamije, binyuze mu kuzirikana, kwibabaza no gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri, kugira ngo umuntu agere ku bumwe mu mibiri ye, iy'ibitekerezo ndetse na roho4.
Inzira enye zingenzi gakondo (mārga) yoga ni jnana yoga, bhakti yoga, karma yoga na raja yoga. Basobanuwe mumyandiko nka Bhagavad-Gita. Ni hagati y'ikinyejana cya 2 mbere ya Yesu. J.-C. hamwe n'ikinyejana cya 5 cyanditswe na filozofiya yoga muri Yoga-sûtra, inyandiko yerekana yitiriwe Patañjali, hamwe na synthesis y'ibyigisho byose bihari5.
Ijambo yoga rikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe, cyane cyane mu Burengerazuba, mu kwerekana uburyo bwa yoga (nyuma) byinshi cyangwa bike bikomoka kuri hatha yoga, no mu byaremwe bya none6. Ariko hatha yoga, imwe murimwe mumyandiko ya kera, yanditswe mu kinyejana cya cumi na gatanu, ni Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā, ni ishami rya yoga.
Muri 2014, Loni yatangaje ko ku ya 21 Kamena “Umunsi mpuzamahanga wa Yoga”, iyobowe na Minisitiri w’intebe w’igihugu cy’Ubuhinde, Narendra Modi7.
Iyi myitozo ni yo yamaganwe mu buryo butandukanye, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n’ubucuruzi bwabo mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba ndetse n’ingaruka zo gutandukana n’amacakubiri.
Inkomoko na etymologiya
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]Ijambo yoga riboneka muri Rig-Veda, ibihimbano byatangiye hagati y'ikinyejana cya 15 mbere ya Yesu. J.-C. n'ikinyejana cya cumi mbere ya Yesu. Ariko, ntabwo ikoreshwa muburyo bwa disipulini yo mu mwuka, ahubwo ikoreshwa mubindi bisobanuro, nk'imodoka, n'ibindi, nubwo bamwe, nka Tara Michaël, basobanura aya magambo muri ubu buryo8. Gusa biva kuri Upanishad zimwe na zimwe zatinze, nka Shvetashvatara-upanishad niho havugwa9. Ni hagati y'ikinyejana cya 2 mbere ya Yesu. J.-C.
Mu kibonezamvugo, ijambo "yoga" (devānagarī: योग) ni, mu rurimi rwa Sanskrit, izina ry'umugabo ryubatswe no kongeramo inyajwi--a 10 mu mizi YUJ-. Mu buryo bwuzuye (nanone bita impamyabumenyi ya guṇa), ni itanga insanganyamatsiko yizina ryigitsina gabo muri rusange. Gutwarwa kurwego rwa guṇa, umuzi YUJ- uhinduka YOJ-. Amategeko ya fonetike ya Sanskrit arasaba kuvuga, mubihe bimwe na bimwe, ijwi rya palatale j- ku ngingo yo kuvuga amajwi yo mu nda g-11.
YUJ ikabije rero ihinduka YOG-. Iyi radical ikomoka ku ijambo Indo-Burayi * yugóm, ubwayo ikomoka mu mizi * yeug-. Mu Buhinde n'Uburayi nko mu ndimi nyinshi z'abakobwa, iri jambo ryakomeje gusobanura umwimerere w'ingogo (urugero: yukan mu Heti, iugum mu kilatini, یوغ mu Giperesi, n'ibindi) 12. YOG- noneho yemerera inkomoko y'ibanze itandukanye, harimo n'iy'insanganyamatsiko y'izina yoga-.
Ariko, mu cyegeranyo cya Panineya cyimizi yamagambo, dhatu-patha, undi muzi YUJ watanzwe, bisobanura "kuruhuka" (samadhi), iyi niyo yagumishijwe nabasobanuzi Vyasa2. Nkuko ubusobanuro bwa Yoga-sutra bubyemeza: “yoga ni uguhagarika (kuruhuka) ingendo zubwenge”.